History & Digital Research

Armistice Day

Armistice Day … the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month … when major com­bat ceased on the west­ern front (fight­ing con­tin­ued on other fronts). Armistice Day was offi­cially amended in the USA to Veteran’s Day in 1954 to honor all those who had served:  To those of you — espe­cially my Dad — that served, thank you for your service.

Fear and Cold War Culture

From Await­ing Armaged­don:

U.S. paral­y­sis on civil defense could be cred­ited to an inabil­ity to face the prospect of nuclear war or sim­ply to a sense of futil­ity. … Intel­lec­tu­ally, Amer­i­cans knew the haz­ards of nuclear war, but Amer­ica was not ready [dur­ing the Cuban Mis­sile Cri­sis] … The United States sim­ply had refused to accept that war might erase or, at the very least, dev­as­tate the future. As a result, civil defense was kept on a back burner, par­tially because the nation’s lead­ers failed to tell the pub­lic the truth — that the United States had lit­tle means of pro­tect­ing its cit­i­zens from total war. This dis­con­nec­tion in the Amer­i­can psy­che — an inabil­ity to face the loss of the future that could result from rabid anti – Com­mu­nism — left the nation vul­ner­a­ble to war and to false claims of safety. Cold War cul­ture taught Amer­i­cans to fear, but it did not offer a refuge from the dead­liest threat, nuclear attack (61).

From “When Truth Is Stranger Than Fiction:”

In Novem­ber 1983 a rou­tine NATO nuclear readi­ness exer­cise code-named Able Archer could have led to a Soviet nuclear strike against the West. What is remark­able about this pos­si­ble Soviet strike is that it was per­ceived by the Sovi­ets as a defen­sive and pre — emp­tive strike. There­fore, the Sovi­ets some­how believed that there was an impend­ing West­ern nuclear attack that they had to pre — empt. Amer­i­can rear­ma­ment, NATO mis­sile deploy­ment, and Rea­gan­ite rhetoric some­how con­vinced the Sovi­ets that the nuclear endgame was near. These fears cli­maxed in Novem­ber 1983 dur­ing a seem­ingly innocu­ous nuclear-readiness exer­cise by the West. It has been described by his­to­rian Christo­pher Andrew as one of the most dan­ger­ous moments of the Cold War.

How many other such “moments” exist?

Public and Private

I am par­tic­i­pat­ing in a panel dis­cus­sion on “The Pub­lic and Pri­vate in Media” as a part of an art exhi­bi­tion: The New Nor­mal. The New Nor­mal exam­ines the issue of pri­vate infor­ma­tion becom­ing less pri­vate in our tech­no­log­i­cal soci­ety. Regard­less of how well I present/discuss today, this exhi­bi­tion has made me reex­am­ine my ideas of the pri­vate as increas­ingly pub­lic beyond that of  iden­tity theft and and the Patriot Act to include that of the cul­ture of pri­vacy sur­round­ing human­i­ties research. This is a topic that I have strug­gled with: express­ing my thoughts in an open forum via a blog and the “pub­lish­ing” of my research library via Zotero (see this post by Mark Sam­ple for a thought­ful reflec­tion on pub­lish­ing your Zotero library).

I choose to pub­lish a blog and my research — to make the pri­vate pub­lic – for two rea­sons. First, an online iden­tity is fast becom­ing a pre­req­ui­ste in the aca­d­e­mic world, and while it may be one that is not nec­es­sar­ily our choice or under our con­trol we can make it our choice and con­trol it by doing. Sec­ond, as Cameron Blevins and Mark Sam­ple have effec­tively argued, mak­ing one’s thoughts and research pub­lic offers schol­ars a new, impor­tant, and pow­er­ful way to col­lab­o­rate and con­tribute to human­ist schol­ar­ship at a greater level that ulti­mately makes one’s own work as well as that of other schol­ars bet­ter. The kicker, how­ever, is that while I con­trol — choose — the dis­sem­i­na­tion ini­tially, what hap­pens to the pri­vate made pub­lic may quickly leave my hands. The ques­tion is, then, is this nec­es­sar­ily a “bad” thing (maybe despite using a Cre­ative Com­mons license)? The essays by Michael Con­nor (cura­tor of The New Nor­mal), Marisa Olson, and Clay Shirky, I think, point out that the pri­vate made pub­lic is not nec­es­sar­ily bad or good only that the indi­vid­ual must become ever­more aware and proac­tive in man­ag­ing the private/public (Skirky’s idea of the “opt-in, opt-out, don’t ask”?).  This is not to sug­gest that there are not “bad” aspects; one need only have fol­lowed the con­tro­versy over Facebook’s Term of Ser­vice (also see this short Flash pre­sen­ta­tion), let alone the issues sur­round­ing the Patriot Act. Nonethe­less, I think the issue of the pri­vate made pub­lic as con­tained and exam­ined in The New Nor­mal is exam­ined as a com­pli­cated issue that is as much grey as it is black and white, and that, ulti­mately, the issue becomes one of choice, of con­trol and when we have con­trol over the pri­vate made pub­lic and when we do not.

I must admit that I feel that I will be out of my league dur­ing the panel dis­cus­sion, that I have not had enough time to inter­nal­ize the mate­r­ial and the idea of the way in which the pri­vate is becom­ing increas­ingly more pub­lic. I do, how­ever, know that my par­tic­i­pa­tion, the air­ing of my pri­vate thoughts in a pub­lic space even if incom­plete about the pri­vate and the pub­lic is good: good for fur­ther­ing col­lab­o­ra­tion; what I can learn from the other pan­elists and the audi­ence; for fur­ther­ing my own work in the dig­i­tal human­i­ties; and under­stand­ing the issue of the pri­vate and the pub­lic as it relates to one of my dig­i­tal projects, the Oral His­tory Cat­a­logue.

the Stream: Skimming and Boring

In response to my last post on “the Stream,” Cameron Blevins (History-ing.org) pointed out that one “issue with the stream is the seem­ingly eter­nal one of breadth vs. depth,” and that one of the “biggest” chal­lenges for a user was the “tran­si­tion from hor­i­zon­tal skim­ming to ver­ti­cal bor­ing down” into the stream. I agree with Cameron that tran­si­tion­ing from one level to the other is a fun­da­men­tal skill and a chal­lenge to learn and prac­tice. I do, how­ever, believe that these are skill sets human­ists already use/practice to a greater (or lesser) extent. I had to develop both skills, espe­cially the skim­ming tech­nique, for his­tory grad sem­i­nars: 1 mono­graph (+ any needed sup­ple­men­tary mate­r­ial) / class / week @ 2 — 3 classes / semes­ter. In fact, I am still devel­op­ing these skills as I prep for quals this spring.

The deep drilling is, I would agree, the hard­est to nego­ti­ate. The ques­tion, at least for me, is how dig­i­tal tools may help us with deep bor­ing the ever-thickening data stream — par­tic­u­larly with respect to the point Dr. Cohen made in “Inter­change: The Promise of Dig­i­tal His­tory”1 about research and drilling deep in a research project. What the tools are/is/will be is an open ques­tion, at least for me.

I think that the API Work­shop hosted by NiCHE looks very promis­ing in help­ing the dig­i­tal human­ist find and/or cre­ate such tools:

His­to­ri­ans and other human­ists now have access to dig­i­tal pri­mary and sec­ondary sources on an unprece­dented scale, but almost all of these resources are deliv­ered through web browsers with the assump­tion that a per­son will be plod­ding through them one at at time. What we need now are ways to make these sources read­ily avail­able to com­puter pro­grams: intel­li­gent agents, machine learn­ers, adap­tive fil­ters, data min­ing pack­ages, you name it. We need to be able to recom­bine infor­ma­tion from mul­ti­ple sources in a way that sup­ports the dis­cov­ery of new infor­ma­tion. And we need to pro­vide tools that allow net­worked col­lec­tives to work together and lever­age the power and diver­sity of the indi­vid­u­als that com­prise the group.

William Turkel

Our abil­ity to tap the stream, whether on a hor­i­zon­tal or ver­ti­cal level, as Cameron noted, is the one area “that has the great­est poten­tial for real advance­ment, espe­cially in the dig­i­tal human­i­ties.” Our skim v. bore skill set honed in sem­i­nars, quals, and research in gen­eral gives us (I think) a unique per­spec­tive in devel­op­ing or realign­ing exist­ing dig­i­tal tools to address this issue.

What are your thoughts on this issue? What other issues exist for the human­ist with respect to the real – time stream? What are the tools that exist or should exist for — espe­cially deep bor­ing — min­ing this stream?

1 Cohen, Daniel J., Michael Frisch, Patrick Gal­lagher, Steven Mintz, Kirsten Sword, Amy Mur­rell Tay­lor, William G. Thomas III, and William J. Turkel. “Inter­change: The Promise of Dig­i­tal His­tory,” Jour­nal of Amer­i­can His­tory 95(2): 452 – 491. Note: You must access this read­ing via your Library.

the Stream

I spent yes­ter­day try­ing to catch up on my feeds and found my read­ing tak­ing me down the “stream.” Here are some links to yes­ter­days discoveries:

  1. The Evo­lu­tion of Blogging
  2. How Inter­net Con­tent Dis­tri­b­u­tion & Dis­cov­ery Are Changing
  3. Why Blogs Need to be Social
  4. Dis­tri­b­u­tion… now
  5. Dimen­sion­al­iz­ing the web
  6. Wel­come to the Stream: The Next Phase of the Web
  7. Min­ing The Thought Stream
  8. Towards a Pro­gram­ma­ble Web

What relationship/role/understanding/use of the stream should the dig­i­tal human­ist develop?

On Blogging

I have wanted to blog for some time, but I have not had the courage to do so, at least until now. I have had a RSS reader for sev­eral years now (make that 6 years) and have fol­lowed many in the web stan­dards and dig­i­tal human­i­ties spheres. I think fear was the biggest stum­bling block for me, fear of judge­ment, etc. How­ever, this year I asked my dig­i­tal human­i­ties stu­dents to blog. I could not in good faith require my stu­dents to blog if I did not blog myself. Thus, I bit the prover­bial bul­let and added a blog to my site. So far, I am find­ing it a rather enjoy­able expe­ri­ence (though one I have not had much time to do).

Many of the stu­dents in my class have also found that blog­ging was not some­thing they had con­sid­ered before, but are now find­ing their blog an intrigu­ing addi­tion to their work as schol­ars (as well as anx­i­ety pro­duc­ing one): What to Write, Enter­ing the Blog­ging World, Post­ing, and Com­ing to Terms with Blog­ging. In addi­tion to these posts, Cameron Blevins recently made some very good points about blog­ging as an impor­tant part of his intel­lec­tual and com­mu­nity build­ing expe­ri­ence within acad­e­mia and dig­i­tal human­i­ties in particular.

Only time (and good posts) will tell if I, too, find blog­ging help­ful in con­nect­ing me to a wider world. Ulti­mately, I hope that the stu­dents from my class find blog­ging as good a tool as Cameron does in build­ing intel­lec­tual and com­mu­nity con­nec­tions within their own respec­tive spheres as well as out­side those spheres. So far, it appears that they are find­ing it so.

HTML: the Gateway Drug to Digital Humanities

This is the first post in a series about the role of html and css in the dig­i­tal human­i­ties.

As I was fin­ish­ing up a les­son on html and css for class today, I was, again, struck by the thought that html and css are pri­mar­ily geared, it seems to me, around cre­at­ing a dig­i­tal edi­tion. This is, of course, a nec­es­sary thing, but is it really dig­i­tal human­i­ties? Does teach­ing html/css come at the expense of other lan­guages and skill-sets that are bet­ter suited and impor­tant in the dig­i­tal human­i­ties. I am and am not sure.

Ulti­mately, html’s place in the pan­theon of dig­i­tal human­i­ties skill-sets/languages is assured, but are the stu­dents miss­ing out on other more impor­tant aspects of dig­i­tal human­i­ties? Or, as I am now begin­ning to think, are html and css the gate­way drugs to the wider world of dig­i­tal human­i­ties skill-sets and lan­guages that might make one a “dig­i­tal human­ists”? Could there be oth­ers as sig­nif­i­cant, if not more sig­nif­i­cant, in mak­ing one a dig­i­tal human­ists (if there really is such a thing)? Any thoughts, sug­ges­tions? For or against?

Graphic and Web Design

Dig­i­tal human­i­ties is about many things: the infi­nite archive, pro­gram­ming, markup, style, knowl­edge pro­duc­tion, col­lab­o­ra­tion, and graphic design. I believe that graphic design is a key ele­ment in under­stand­ing and doing dig­i­tal human­i­ties because design is a core part of our mod­ern expe­ri­ence as cit­i­zens and as human­ists. Under­stand­ing the ele­ments of design, from color to typog­ra­phy, is an impor­tant skill for dig­i­tal human­ists to acquire. Of course doing so requires us to become famil­iar with the ele­ments of design. One of the best ways to do so is to view good design.

One of the best graphic design­ers I know as well as a good friend is Hiller Hig­man. Hiller’s work is unique and orig­i­nal, but his work is also (so it seems to me) derived from the the every­day world around us, both related and unre­lated to design, as is our own work as human­ist schol­ars. How we view the world around us and our human­ist schol­ar­ship through design can teach us some­thing about how dig­i­tal tools are shap­ing the very act of doing human­ist schol­ar­ship. Exactly how is a ques­tion I do not nec­es­sar­ily (yet) have an answer to, but I believe that it is true. I hope that dur­ing the Human­i­ties 340, we can come to an answer or maybe bet­ter yet, develop a bet­ter ques­tion to ask about the rela­tion­ship between human­ist schol­ar­ship and design.

For the time being … take a moment to view Hiller’s port­fo­lio—NBC, Bridger, Web—in addi­tion to his inspi­ra­tion blog @ North­side #3.

(Shame­less plug: if you are look­ing for a graphic designer look no fur­ther than Boot­leg Enter­prise . I need say no more, his work stands on its own.)

Hello World

Hello World. The first offi­cial post from Richard @ goa­trock Research.

About

Doc­toral stu­dent in Envi­ron­men­tal, Amer­i­can, and Euro­pean his­tory at Clare­mont Grad­u­ate Uni­ver­sity and occa­sional dig­i­tal humanist.

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